A questão ambiental e o rural contemporâneo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v10i0.3098Keywords:
agricultura, modernização, meio ambiente, pesquisa, ciência, interdisciplinaridade, agriculture, modernization, environment, research, science, interdisciplinarity.Abstract
Neste artigo, a questão ambiental no rural contemporâneo surge como uma das principais interrogações sociopolíticas das sociedades desenvolvidas, instigando cientistas e pesquisadores das ciências naturais e, posteriormente, da área de humanidades. A industrialização da agricultura nos países europeus no período do pós-guerra resultou, inegavelmente, em expressivos aumentos da produtividade, gerando sobreoferta de alimentos aos mercados internos e excedentes exportáveis. Legitimada por seu sucesso quantitativo, essa modernização, todavia, gerou graves desequilíbrios tanto em nível dos ecossistemas e da preservação dos recursos naturais quanto sociais e culturais. Toma-se como exemplo marcante a modernização ocorrida na agricultura francesa, discutindo os parâmetros do modelo implantado no país, os instrumentos que o viabilizaram e a crise social, econômica e ambiental que gerou. Mostra, na seqüência, como esta agricultura intensiva se contrapõe crescentemente a uma consciência ambiental, expressa em um vigoroso movimento político e cultural, tendo como base os pequenos e médios agricultores unidos a movimentos sociais urbanos. Finalmente, o artigo levanta propostas sobre os rumos e perspectivas da pesquisa sobre as sociedades rurais e o meio ambiente. Quais as condições sociais e políticas para que a agricultura cumpra um novo contrato com a sociedade? Paralelamente, discutem-se as novas contribuições das ciências naturais e os debates atuais no âmbito das ciências agronômicas e das ciências sociais. Em resumo, constata-se a falência do modelo de agricultura intensiva industrial e são sugeridas questões centradas por um lado, nas novas concepções da produção agrícola feita em bases ecológicas e por outro, na contribuição dos novos enfoques científicos para embasar um modelo de agricultura sustentável que permita a reprodução social e a reprodução dos recursos naturais.
The environmental question and the contemporary rural
Abstract
In this article, the environmental issue in contemporary rurality emerges as one of the principal sociopolitical inquiries of developed societies instigating scientists and investigators in the natural sciences and, later, in the humanities. The industrialization of agriculture in European countries in the post-war period unquestionably resulted in expressive productivity increases, creating over supply of food in domestic markets and exportable surplus. Legitimated by its quantitative success, modernization, however, created serious unbalance both at ecosystem and preservation of natural, social, and cultural resources levels. The example provided is the marked modernization occurring in French agriculture, followed by a discussion of the model implemented in that country, the instruments that made it viable, and the social, economic, and environmental crisis it generated. Next, is shown how this intensive agriculture is counterpoised to a growing environmental awareness, expressed in a vigorous political and cultural movement, based on small and medium size farmers, united in social urban movements. Finally, the article suggests proposals for new directions and perspectives for further research on rural societies and the environment. What are the social and political conditions needed so that agriculture can fulfill a new contract with society? Parallel to that, the new contributions of the natural sciences and the current debates in the agronomical and social sciences context are discussed. Summing up, the defeat of the intensive industrial agricultural model is pinpointed, and suggestions are made on issues hinging around, on one hand, new agricultural production concepts based on ecological foundations, and the contribution of new scientific approaches used as grounds for a sustainable agricultural model allowing social and natural resources reproduction, on the other.
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